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  <div class="section" id="module-filecmp">
<span id="filecmp-file-and-directory-comparisons"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-filecmp" title="filecmp: Compare files efficiently."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code></a> --- 文件及目录的比较<a class="headerlink" href="#module-filecmp" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/filecmp.py">Lib/filecmp.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-filecmp" title="filecmp: Compare files efficiently."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code></a> 模块定义了用于比较文件及目录的函数，并且可以选取多种关于时间和准确性的折衷方案。对于文件的比较，另见 <a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html#module-difflib" title="difflib: Helpers for computing differences between objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code></a> 模块。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-filecmp" title="filecmp: Compare files efficiently."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code></a>  模块定义了如下函数：</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="filecmp.cmp">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">filecmp.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cmp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">f1</em>, <em class="sig-param">f2</em>, <em class="sig-param">shallow=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.cmp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>比较名为 <em>f1</em> 和 <em>f2</em> 的文件，如果它们似乎相等则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> ，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> 。</p>
<p>如果 <em>shallow</em> 为真，那么具有相同 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 签名的文件将会被认为是相等的。否则，将比较文件的内容。</p>
<p>需要注意，没有外部程序被该函数调用，这赋予了该函数可移植性与效率。</p>
<p>该函数会缓存过去的比较及其结果，且在文件的 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 信息变化后缓存条目失效。所有的缓存可以通过使用  <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.clear_cache" title="filecmp.clear_cache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear_cache()</span></code></a> 来清除。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="filecmp.cmpfiles">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">filecmp.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cmpfiles</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">dir1</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir2</em>, <em class="sig-param">common</em>, <em class="sig-param">shallow=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.cmpfiles" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>比较在两个目录 <em>dir1</em> 和 <em>dir2</em> 中，由 <em>common</em> 所确定名称的文件。</p>
<p>返回三组文件名列表： <em>match</em>, <em>mismatch</em>, <em>errors</em> 。 <em>match</em> 含有相匹配的文件， <em>mismatch</em> 含有那些不匹配的，然后 <em>errors</em> 列出那些未被比较文件的名称。如果文件不存在于两目录中的任一个，或者用户缺少读取它们的权限，又或者因为其他的一些原因而无法比较，那么这些文件将会被列在 <em>errors</em> 中。</p>
<p>参数 <em>shallow</em> 具有同 <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.cmp" title="filecmp.cmp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp.cmp()</span></code></a> 一致的含义与默认值。</p>
<p>例如， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmpfiles('a',</span> <span class="pre">'b',</span> <span class="pre">['c',</span> <span class="pre">'d/e'])</span></code> 将会比较 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a/c</span></code> 与 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b/c</span></code> 以及 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a/d/e</span></code> 与 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b/d/e</span></code> 。 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'d/e'</span></code> 将会各自出现在返回的三个列表里的某一个列表中。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="filecmp.clear_cache">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">filecmp.</code><code class="sig-name descname">clear_cache</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.clear_cache" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>清除 filecmp 缓存。如果一个文件过快地修改，以至于超过底层文件系统记录修改时间的精度，那么该函数可能有助于比较该类文件。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.4 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="the-dircmp-class">
<span id="dircmp-objects"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 类<a class="headerlink" href="#the-dircmp-class" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">filecmp.</code><code class="sig-name descname">dircmp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">b</em>, <em class="sig-param">ignore=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">hide=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>创建一个用于比较目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 的新的目录比较对象。 <em>ignore</em> 是需要忽略的文件名列表，且默认为  <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.DEFAULT_IGNORES" title="filecmp.DEFAULT_IGNORES"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp.DEFAULT_IGNORES</span></code></a> 。 <em>hide</em> 是需要隐藏的文件名列表，且默认为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[os.curdir,</span> <span class="pre">os.pardir]</span></code> 。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 类如 <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.cmp" title="filecmp.cmp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp.cmp()</span></code></a> 中所描述的那样对文件进行 <em>shallow</em> 比较。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 类提供以下方法：</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.report">
<code class="sig-name descname">report</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.report" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>将 <em>a</em> 与 <em>b</em> 之间的比较结果打印（到  <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code></a> ）。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.report_partial_closure">
<code class="sig-name descname">report_partial_closure</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.report_partial_closure" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>打印 <em>a</em> 与 <em>b</em>  及共同直接子目录的比较结果。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.report_full_closure">
<code class="sig-name descname">report_full_closure</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.report_full_closure" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>打印 <em>a</em> 与 <em>b</em> 及共同子目录比较结果（递归地）。</p>
</dd></dl>

<p><a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 类提供了一些有趣的属性，用以得到关于参与比较的目录树的各种信息。</p>
<p>需要注意，通过 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__" title="object.__getattr__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__()</span></code></a>  钩子，所有的属性将会惰性求值，因此如果只使用那些计算简便的属性，将不会有速度损失。</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.left">
<code class="sig-name descname">left</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.left" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>目录 <em>a</em> 。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.right">
<code class="sig-name descname">right</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.right" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>目录 <em>b</em> 。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.left_list">
<code class="sig-name descname">left_list</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.left_list" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>经 <em>hide</em> 和 <em>ignore</em> 过滤，目录 <em>a</em> 中的文件与子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.right_list">
<code class="sig-name descname">right_list</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.right_list" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>经 <em>hide</em> 和 <em>ignore</em> 过滤，目录 <em>b</em> 中的文件与子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.common">
<code class="sig-name descname">common</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.common" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>同时存在于目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中的文件和子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.left_only">
<code class="sig-name descname">left_only</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.left_only" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>仅在目录 <em>a</em> 中的文件和子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.right_only">
<code class="sig-name descname">right_only</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.right_only" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>仅在目录 <em>b</em> 中的文件和子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.common_dirs">
<code class="sig-name descname">common_dirs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.common_dirs" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>同时存在于目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中的子目录。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.common_files">
<code class="sig-name descname">common_files</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.common_files" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>同时存在于目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中的文件。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.common_funny">
<code class="sig-name descname">common_funny</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.common_funny" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>在目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中类型不同的名字，或者那些 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 报告错误的名字。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.same_files">
<code class="sig-name descname">same_files</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.same_files" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>在目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中，使用类的文件比较操作符判定相等的文件。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.diff_files">
<code class="sig-name descname">diff_files</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.diff_files" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>在目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中，根据类的文件比较操作符判定内容不等的文件。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.funny_files">
<code class="sig-name descname">funny_files</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.funny_files" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>在目录 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 中无法比较的文件。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.dircmp.subdirs">
<code class="sig-name descname">subdirs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.dircmp.subdirs" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>一个将 <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp.common_dirs" title="filecmp.dircmp.common_dirs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">common_dirs</span></code></a> 中名称映射为 <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 对象的字典。</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="filecmp.DEFAULT_IGNORES">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">filecmp.</code><code class="sig-name descname">DEFAULT_IGNORES</code><a class="headerlink" href="#filecmp.DEFAULT_IGNORES" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.4 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
<p>默认被 <a class="reference internal" href="#filecmp.dircmp" title="filecmp.dircmp"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code></a> 忽略的目录列表。</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>下面是一个简单的例子，使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subdirs</span></code> 属性递归搜索两个目录以显示公共差异文件：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">filecmp</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">dircmp</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_diff_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">diff_files</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;diff_file </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> found in </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> and </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>              <span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">sub_dcmp</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subdirs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">print_diff_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sub_dcmp</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dcmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dircmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dir1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dir2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> 
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">print_diff_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dcmp</span><span class="p">)</span> 
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


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